Crusades on America essays

Crusades on America essays The Crusades was a very important set of holy wars that went from 1095 to 1250. Pope Urban II, who set to conquer the holy land and regain the birthplace of Christ to the Christendom, started these important sets of wars. When the Christian army arrived at the Middle East, they were met by not only the great Turkish general Saladin, but also harsh weather conditions in which the heavy armor of Western Europe was useless. The wars dragged on and the Christendom only gained a small amount of territory, only to lose it again by 1250. The Crusades not only had an impact on European society, but a wake up call to the fact that if more land was wanted, then they would have to search westward. Many Things resulted from the Crusades; first, the crusades bettered the European Economy. The Crusades affected the economy by increasing trade within Europe from outside realms and creating new markets for new goods from different places. Goods such as spices, silk, and cotton brought a new luxury to the Europeans, transforming the dull and bland food into zestier food with spices and giving people more things to wear other than cotton. Most notably, Italy, prospered from the new trade controlling the Mediterranean trade from outside of Europe. This newfound wealth in Italy lead to making other nations jealous, which pushed other countries to exploring uncharted lands and alternate trade routes. Perhaps the most profound effect the crusades had on the history of America was the push for other nations to establish new trade routes and to find new lands to colonize. Since the Italians had the Mediterranean passage to the Middle East to themselves, Prince Henry the Navigator sought to find new ways to get to the Middle East. They found out that the fastest way to get to the Middle East was to go around the cape of Africa. With Portugals success in finding new trade routes, the neighboring Spanish felt that it was ti ...

Ubaidian Culture and the Roots of Mesopotamia

Ubaidian Culture and the Roots of Mesopotamia The Ubaid (pronounced ooh-bayed), sometimes spelled Ubaid and referred to as Ubaidian to keep it separate from the type site of el Ubaid, refers to a time period and a material culture exhibited in Mesopotamia and adjacent areas which predate  the rise of the great urban cities. The Ubaid material culture, including ceramic decorative styles, artifact types and architectural forms, existed between about 7300-6100 years ago, over the vast Near Eastern region between the Mediterranean to the Straits of Hormuz, including parts of Anatolia and perhaps the Caucasus mountains. The geographic spread of Ubaid or Ubaid-like pottery, a pottery style which has black geometric lines drawn on a buff-colored body, has led some researchers (Carter and others) to suggest that a more accurate term might be Near Eastern Chalcolithic black-on-buff horizon rather than Ubaid, which implies that the core area for the culture was southern Mesopotamia- el Ubaid is in southern Iran. Thank goodness, so far theyre holding off on that. Phases While there is widespread acceptance of the chronological terminology for Ubaid ceramics, as you might expect, dates are not absolute across the entire region. In southern Mesopotamia, the six periods span between 6500-3800 BC; but in other regions, Ubaid only lasted between ~5300 and 4300 BC. Ubaid 5, Terminal Ubaid begins ~4200 BCUbaid 4, once known as Late Ubaid ~5200Ubaid 3 Tell al-Ubaid style and period) ~5300Ubaid 2 Hajji Muhammad style and period) ~5500Ubaid 1, Eridu style and period, ~5750 BCUbaid 0, Ouelli period ~6500 BC Redefining the Ubaid "Core" Scholars are hesitant today to re-define the core area from which the idea of Ubaid culture spread out because the regional variation is so extensive. Instead, at a workshop at the University in Durham in 2006, scholars proposed that the cultural similarities seen across the region developed from a vast inter-regional melting pot of influences (see Carter and Philip 2010 and other articles in the volume). Movement of the material culture is believed to have spread throughout the region primarily by peaceable trade, and various local appropriations of a shared social identity and ceremonial ideology. While most scholars still suggest a Southern Mesopotamian origin for black-on-buff ceramics, evidence at Turkish sites such as Domuztepe and Kenan Tepe is beginning to erode that view. Artifacts The Ubaid is defined by a relatively small set of characteristics, with a significant degree of regional variation, due in part to differing social and environmental configurations across the region. Typical Ubaid pottery is a high-fired buff body painted in black, the decorations of which become simpler over time. Shapes include deep bowls and basins, shallow bowls and globular jars. Architectural forms include a freestanding tripartite house with a T-shaped or cruciform central hall. Public buildings have a similar construction and a similar size, but have external facades with niches and buttresses. The corners are oriented to the four cardinal directions  and sometimes are built top platforms. Other artifacts include clay disks with flanges (which might be labrets or ear spools), bent clay nails which were apparently used to grind clay, Ophidian or cone-headed clay figurines with coffee-bean eyes, and clay sickles. Head-shaping, modification of childrens heads at or near birth, is a recently-identified trait; copper smelting at XVII at Tepe Gawra. Exchange goods include lapis lazuli, turquoise, and carnelian. Stamp seals are common at some sites such as Tepe Gawra and Degirmentepe in northern Mesopotamia and Kosak Shamai in northwest Syria, but not apparently in southern Mesopotamia. Shared Social Practices Some scholars argue that decorated open vessels in the black-on-buff ceramics represent evidence for feasting  or at least the shared ritual consumption of food and drink. By Ubaid period 3/4, region-wide the styles became simpler from their earlier forms, which were highly decorated. That may signify a shift towards communal identity and solidarity, a thing also reflected in communal cemeteries. Ubaid Agriculture Little archaeobotanical evidence has been recovered from Ubaid period sites, except for samples recently reported from a burned tri-partite house at Kenan Tepe in Turkey, occupied between 6700-6400 BP, within the Ubaid 3/4 transition. The fire that destroyed the house resulted in the  excellent preservation of nearly 70,000 specimens of charred plant material, including a reed basket full of well-preserved charred materials. Plants recovered from Kenan Tepe were dominated by  emmer wheat  (Triticum dicoccum) and two-rowed hulled  barley  (Hordeum vulgare  v.  distichum). Also recovered were smaller amounts of triticum wheat, flax (Linum usitassimum), lentil (Lens culinaris) and peas (Pisum sativum). Elites and Social Stratification In the 1990s, Ubaid was considered a fairly egalitarian society, and it is true that  social ranking  is not very apparent in any Ubaid site. Given the presence of elaborated pottery in the early period, and  public architecture  in the later, however, that doesnt seem very likely, and archaeologists have recognized subtle cues which appear to support the subdued presence of elites even from Ubaid 0, although its possible that elite roles might have been transitory early on. By Ubaid 2 and 3, there is clearly a shift in labor from decorated single pots to an emphasis on public architecture, such as buttressed temples, which would have benefited the entire community rather than a small group of elites. Scholars suggest that might have been a deliberate action to avoid ostentatious displays of wealth and power by elites and instead highlight community alliances. That suggests that power depended on alliance networks and control of local resources. In terms of settlement patterns, by Ubaid 2-3, southern Mesopotamia had a two-level hierarchy with a few large sites of 10 hectares or larger, including Eridu, Ur, and Uqair, surrounded by smaller, possibly subordinate villages. Ubaid Cemetery at Ur In 2012, scientists at the Penn Museum in Philadelphia and the British Museum began joint work on a new project, to digitize C. Leonard Woolleys records at Ur. Members of the  Ur of the Chaldees: A Virtual Vision of Woolleys Excavations  project recently rediscovered skeletal material from Urs Ubaid levels, which had been lost from the record database. The skeletal material, found in an unmarked box within Penns collections, represented an adult male, one of 48 interments found buried in what Woolley called the flood layer, a silt layer some 40 feet deep within Tell al-Muqayyar. After excavating the Royal Cemetery at Ur, Woolley sought the earliest levels of the tell by excavating an enormous trench. At the bottom of the trench, he discovered a thick layer of water-laid silt, in places as much as 10 feet thick. The Ubaid-period burials had been excavated into the silt, and beneath the cemetery was yet another cultural layer. Woolley determined that in its earliest days, Ur was located on an island in a marsh: the silt layer was the result of a great flood. The people buried in the cemetery had lived after that flood and were interred within the flood deposits. One possible historic  precursor of the Biblical flood story is thought to be that of the Sumerian tale of  Gilgamesh. In honor of that tradition, the research team named the newly rediscovered burial Utnapishtim, the name of the man who survived the great flood in the Gilgamesh version. Sources Beech M. 2002. Fishing in the Ubaid: a review of fish-bone assemblages from early prehistoric coastal settlements in the Arabian gulf. Journal of Oman Studies 8:25-40. Carter R. 2006.  Boat  Antiquity  80:52-63. remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth mllennia BC. Carter RA, and Philip G. 2010.  Deconstructing the Ubaid.  In: Carter RA, and Philip G, editors.  Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East. Chicago: Oriental Institute. Connan J, Carter R, Crawford H, Tobey M, Charrià ©-Duhaut A, Jarvie D, Albrecht P, and Norman K. 2005.  A comparative geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ras al-Jinz (Oman).  Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy  16(1):21-66. Graham PJ, and Smith A. 2013.  A day in the life of   Antiquity  87(336):405-417.an Ubaid household: archaeobotanical investigations at Kenan Tepe, south-eastern Turkey. Kennedy JR. 2012.  Commensality and labor in terminal Ubaid northern Mesopotamia.  Journal for Ancient Studies  2:125-156. Pollock S. 2010.  Practices of daily life in fifth millennium BC Iran and Mesopotamia. In: Carter RA, and Philip G, editors.  Beyond the Ubaid: transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East.  Chicago: Oriental Institute. p 93-112. Stein GJ. 2011. Tell Zeiden 2010. Oriental Institute Annual Report. p 122-139. Stein G. 2010.  Local identities and interaction spheres: Modeling regional variation in the Ubaid horizon. In: Carter RA, and Philip G, editors.  Beyond the Ubaid: transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East. Chicago: Oriental Institute. p 23-44. Stein G. 1994. Economy, ritual, and power in Ubaid Mesopotamia. In: Stein G, and Rothman MS, editors.  Chiefdoms and . Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity

Optimization of Pore Pressure Prediction for Effective Well Planning Thesis

Optimization of Pore Pressure Prediction for Effective Well Planning - Thesis Example The outcome of this research to reduce the deficiency of knowledge which has been correlated to the well planning and well drilling endeavors which have been previously completed. The latest technologies will be applied in regards to methods and paradigms of the forecasting of the fracture gradient and the forecasting of the pore pressure. The most effective practices in the estimation of pore pressures from the seismic velocity information will be applied. The most effective methods which are used in the industry with regards to the approximation of the formation pressure will be explored.   A great deal of the information which is collected in the discipline of well planning is derived from the well production crews. This thesis will incorporate a data base of information in addition to the information which is derived from a survey of the well production crews in order to validate the hypothesis. The well production crews are the initial source of information from which the cond itions of the wells are derived. This thesis will also incorporate a database of information which is pressure directed from a diverse number of wells with different characteristics. These wells are found in deep water, offshore, swampland and the Niger Delta environment. The data which is collected from the oil well production crews will be applied in order to ascertain the best practices for effective well drilling and maintenance.

The relationship between teenager and their family Essay

The relationship between teenager and their family - Essay Example Data from the NSFG suggest that female adolescents born to intact families face a lower risk of early sexual debut while female adolescents, experiencing parental separation and multiple transitions in family structure have a higher risk of early sexual debut. Moreover, the Hong Kong case study establishes that adolescents with a dysfunction family and a poor family relationship are more likely to hazard to take drugs. Recently, the presence of strained relationships between teenagers and their parents as well as the disintegration within families demeans the influence of parental or family advice on teenagers. This forces teenagers to trust their peers, which coerces them to adopt immoral and unethical behaviors like drug and substance abuse and early sexual intercourse. It is clear that the increase in the strength of youths peer relationships demeans the interaction between teenagers and their families. Notably, cognitive and emotional maturity affects the quality of peer relationships that changes during adolescence. As teenagers seek to assert their individuality and independence, they derive frequent conflict between teens and their parents (Oswalt, 2014). However, as they approach maturity, they develop mature relationships with their parents and their colleagues since they have the capacity to make important decisions about their lives. Indeed, as adolescents approach maturity, they no longer depend on family social support since their colleagues develop the capacity to offer emotional support and comfort and sensible advice (Oswalt, 2014). A three years study by Dr. McGues group assesses the relationship dimensions conflict with parents and perceived warmth of the relationship with parents at age 11 and then again at age 14 (aboutkidshealth, 2010). The study established a decline in the perceived quality of relationships between

Good teacher Essay Example for Free

Good teacher Essay If I were to describe one of my teachers that I have had throughout these years, the one who I considered a good teacher is my present English teacher. The reasons why I would like to characterize my English teacher are various. Firstly, she’s well to take responsibility. She came to teach punctually. Especially, she always keeps in touch with us to try hard to study by her homework for every day. She speaks English fluently, and her voice is so loud that can make students in the class easy to listen. Actually, when we tired, she always tells jokes that always keep us smiling. Secondly, she’s been teaching for long time, so she’s got many experiences. I like the way she pronounce clearly. Moreover, I could say she is a good explainer but she also gives her best in order to help students to improve their knowledge in English. She likes to correct us each time we make mistakes both in pronunciation and grammar. Thirdly, she’s a work hard teacher. She always do a research more new documents for  the students to easy to get understand. And she also got some music lyrics, puzzle, or any other to relax at the weekend or after exam. Sometimes, she looks strong-mined to make us to try hard to study but I know that inside shes very kind, polite and honest. In conclusion, I can say that, her lectures are well organized, interesting and her methods of teaching us demonstrate the desirable teaching method for our use. I thought that I’m very lucky that I’ve met a very good teacher like her.

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Pada dasarnya ilmu hubungan internasional adalah segala hal yang berhubungan dengan batasan negara. Dan segala interaksi tersebut berhubungan dengan kerjasama dan juga konflik. Fokus dari ilmu hubungan internasional yaitu mempelajari tentang penyebab - penyebab dan kondisi - kondisi yang menciptakan kerjasama keluar batas negara. Kerjasama dapat tercipta sebagai akibat dari adaptasi perilaku aktor-aktor dalam mengantisipasi, merespon, hingga berkonflik. Kerjasama dapat dijalankan dalam suatu prosesi perundingan yang diadakan secara langsung. Proses perundingan dapat saja tidak berlangsung ketika aktor – aktor di dalamnya sudah saling mengerti satu sama lainnya. Menurut James dan Robert Pfaltzgraff kerjasama dapat didefinisikan sebagai rangkaian hubungan - hubungan yang tidak berdasarkan pada kekerasan dan paksaan serta sudah disahkan secara hukum. Contohnya dalam sebuah organisasi yang beranggotakan negara – negara di dunia ini yaitu PBB dan Uni Eropa. Aktor-aktor di dalam negara membangun hubungan kerjasama melalui suatu rezim internasinal dan organisasi internasional, yang dapat ...

Consequences of Phobia in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart Essay

â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, is a thrilling short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It is about the narrator’s attempt to convince us that he is not crazy, just have keen senses as we realize when he says: â€Å"Why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharped my senses† (The Tell- Tale Heart, p. 44). He tries to persuade us of his innocence and his sanity telling how he was able to kill an old man, proprietor of the house where he lives, with a good planning and craftiness. The story shows how the eyes of the old man were like the eyes of a vulture, how it disturbed the narrator, and how it made him paranoid. Every night he enters in the bedroom of the old man in order to get rid of those eyes, however he always keeps himself paralyzed when he realizes that the old man’s eyes are closed. We notice the narrator couldn’t commit such a crime in this situation when he says â€Å"I found the eye always closed; and so it was impossible to do the work; for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye† (The Tell- Tale Heart, p. 5). One night, the old man sat down on the bed and began to call him, but he had no reaction. The sight of the old man’s eyes starts to terrify him. The narrator begins to hear the sound of the old man’s heart accelerated and thinks the neighbors are listening to it too, so he smothers the old man under his bed. He opens up some planks in the living room floor and buries the old man there. Now everything is clean. However the old man’s scream waked up a neighbor, and three police officers arrived at the house. Afraid of being arrested, the narrator invites them to come and shows that everything is fine and that the old man wasn’t in town. He offers a drink and the police officers sit in the room, and they keep satisfied with the manners of the narrator: â€Å"My manner had convinced them. I was singularly at ease† (The Tell- Tale Heart, p. 47). But the narrator begins to hear the heartbeat of the old man again, so he decides to confess to the police and asks them to take the body away from the house, and so the story ends. Analyzing the short story â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, Lisa Fritscher reaches some conclusions about the narrator, such as he is really paranoid, with the words â€Å"He is constantly convinced something about the old man is out to get him – first the eye and then the heart. † The narrator’s paranoia is first embraced by the obstinacy of the narrator with the eyes and when it ends, he becomes obstinate by the heart beating. There are strong reasons to think the narrator is really paranoid. In addition, Lisa brings a new idea to our eyes, the fact that our narrator has a phobia of the eyes of the old man. The old man probably has an eye disease called cataract and Lisa goes on to state that the narrator’s phobia would not have been enough reason for murder and adds â€Å"Clearly the narrator suffers from deep mental health issues beyond a simple phobia. † Summing up, we can conclude saying that the Poe’s short story is electrifying and for those who suffer of phobia, it can cause different reactions. With his writing that makes us always on the verge of taking scares, it makes us think of our fears and phobia in a frightening and very exciting way.